In our last discussion, we explored the foundational elements of the Book of Hebrews: its exhortative nature, its historical context prior to 70 AD, and its uncertain authorship, possibly by Clement or Priscilla. Addressed to the Messianic Jews of Judea, it sought to encourage those excluded from the temple. In this article, we will be diving into the unique teaching style of Hebrews, reminiscent of first-century synagogue teachings, rich with rabbinic methods.
The Book of Hebrews is not just a theological treatise; it’s a journey through the incredible and intricate world of rabbinic literature. It reads much like the Midrash or parts of the Talmud, using a style rich with esoteric allusions to the Hebrew Scriptures. This text reinterprets familiar passages in ways that reveal new layers of meaning, often taking them out of their apparent context to uncover deeper insights. The author’s sweeping logical connections and subtle nuances can be challenging, but they offer a rewarding exploration of faith and doctrine for those who are willing to follow along.
Understanding Rabbinic Techniques
1. Kol V’chomer (קל וחומר): Argument from the lesser to the greater
This technique argues that if something applies in a lesser case, it applies even more in a greater one.
Hebrews 2:2-3: If the law given by angels was binding and disobedience punished, how much more binding is the salvation brought by the Son?
Matthew 12:11-12: If it’s permissible to help a sheep on the Sabbath, how much more so to help a person?
Australian Equivalent: If a child can carry a small backpack, an adult certainly can too.
2. Gezerah Shavah (גזרה שוה): Linking verses with a common phrase
This method links scriptures through shared language to draw connections.
Hebrews 4:3-5: The concept of “rest” connects God’s rest on the seventh day with the rest promised to believers.
Matthew 4:4: “Man shall not live by bread alone” links Deuteronomy 8:3 to Jesus’ temptation.
Australian Equivalent: A “red flag” indicates danger at any beach, whether Burleigh or Bondi.
3. Binyan Av (בנין אב): Establishing general principles from specific cases
This technique uses specific instances to derive broader principles.
Hebrews 7:11-17: Melchizedek’s priesthood establishes the principle of a superior, eternal priesthood.
Luke 13:15-16: Untying animals on the Sabbath justifies healing on the Sabbath.
Australian Equivalent: If highways have strict speed limits, similar roads likely have the same rules.
4. Qal V’Khomer Mufneh (קל וחומר מופנה): Emphasizing the strength of an argument
This method underscores the strength of an argument through redundancy.
Hebrews 10:28-29: If violating Mosaic law leads to death, how much more severe is the punishment for rejecting the Son of God?
Matthew 6:30: If God clothes the grass, He will certainly clothe His people.
Australian Equivalent: If you wouldn’t leave your pet outside in the cold, you certainly wouldn’t leave your child out there.
5. Remez (רמז): Hinting at deeper meanings
This approach hints at deeper spiritual or theological meanings.
Hebrews 8:5: The earthly sanctuary hints at a deeper, heavenly reality.
Matthew 13:33: The parable of the yeast illustrates the transformative nature of the kingdom of heaven.
Australian Equivalent: Using an Anzac Day story to hint at themes of sacrifice and mateship.
6. Derash (דרש): Seeking deeper meanings through allegory or typology
This technique seeks deeper meanings, often through allegory.
Hebrews 3:7-11: Israel’s rebellion as an allegory for spiritual disobedience and faith.
John 10:11: Jesus as the good shepherd who lays down His life for the sheep.
Australian Equivalent: Interpreting a famous Australian poem to find lessons about life and resilience.
7. Peshat (פשט): Straightforward, literal interpretation
This method involves straightforward, literal interpretation of texts.
Hebrews 9:22: The law’s requirement for blood for atonement is a direct statement.
Exodus 20:13: “You shall not murder” is a straightforward commandment.
Australian Equivalent: Taking the weather report at face value and bringing an umbrella when it says it will rain.
8. Midrash (מדרש): Drawing moral or theological lessons through commentary
Midrash involves drawing lessons through detailed commentary.
Hebrews 11: Lessons about faith and obedience from the patriarchs and prophets.
Matthew 5:21-22: Expanding the commandment against murder to include anger.
Australian Equivalent: A pastor using a story about the outback to teach a lesson about faith and perseverance.